The Forced Dilemmas for the Characters in The Crucible by...

â€Å"A place or occasion of severe test or trial.† is the most obvious definition the Dictionary gives of the word â€Å"Crucible† that would relate to the title of the novel. However not many think to consider the other definition of the word which is â€Å"a little ceramic or metal container which is used for the purpose of metals or other substances to be melted or subjected to very high temperatures†. In other words a â€Å"Crucible† is a small container which is pact with aggressive results; which fully relates to Salem throughout the witch trials, for it was a tiny village containing violent madness. Nevertheless for the majority of individuals living in Salem, it became a crucible for them if they were ever wrongly accused at the stand of the religious court of being a witch. No confession of an accused individual resulted in being hung. Although one’s life could be secured with a confession, however a life of always being remembered as some one who had the Devil deified. Living beneath such commotion and madness the majority of the characters in the famous drama were enforced to undergo dilemmas, personal motivation, as well as development- that all relate to the title in between the lines of their plots and the general story. The novel leading man of the story John Proctor who spends his days as a Salem farmer is also wound up in an affair with the young Abigail Williams, his hired girl. Proctor was a married man to Elizabeth, whom ultimately was accused as a witch by Abigail, whoseShow MoreRelatedLies and Deceit1501 Words   |  7 PagesLies in Salem Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a tragic play set in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, where Miller uses the Salem Trials as a metaphor for the 1950s McCarthy hearings. In Salem, people value their good names. The Puritan community acts as a theocracy in which there appears to be no right to privacy, and people must conform to a strict moral code. The theme of reputation, lying, and deceit are shown in Abigail, John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Mary Warren, and other characters. In the play’sRead MoreEssay On The Book Of Job And To Kill A Mockingbird796 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, authors have been writing in order to express multiple messages or themes in order to give the audience life lessons which can help them later on in life when they are faced with dilemmas. Furthermore many books express common themes but with different plots, characters, and conflicts. For example in The Book of Job, the author utilizes symbolism and invective language to reveal how anyone can become miserable after a tragedy, while in To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee employsRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe conflict that presents itself to the characters Reverend Parris, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor forces them to reflect upon themselves and ultimately change the nature of how the deal with conflict in the world. II. Biographical Arthur Miller was a controversial playwright during the 1950’s and 60’s, note because of the material that he choose to write about, but because of the events that took place surrounding one of his best works: The Crucible. One of his friends and a fellow playwrightRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1757 Words   |  8 PagesArthur Miller#8217;s play The Crucible develops characters that portray problems with their identities. This inner struggle is clearly seen in the main character John Proctor. He is the man Miller has chosen to struggle with #8220;the dilemma of men, fallible, subject to pride, but forced to choose between the #8220;negative good#8221; of truth and morality, and the #8220;positive good#8221; of human life.#8221; (Internet, Arthur Miller Home Page) In order for this character to develop,Read MoreThe Themes Of Mccarthyism In The Crucible By Arthur Miller1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe truth which would ruin their lives or lie and accuse others to save oneself. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller emphasizes mass hysteria caused by people accusing innocent people to save oneself from death. Even though the Salem witch trials and the McCarthyism era took place in different time perio ds, they both show the reoccurring theme of chaos caused by lying and accusing others to save oneself. The Crucible, which illustrates the time during the Salem witch trials parallels McCarthyism becauseRead MoreMass Hysteria And The Red Scare1366 Words   |  6 Pagesmany threats especially their homes being corrupted by the pressure they were surrounded by. Politics played a very keystone part in The Red Scare because it was the fuel to the fire. Families and friends were being separated since they were being forced to pick a political side. Mass Hysteria also broke out in Long Island, NY in the year 2012. This event occurred in LeRoy High School. A group of girls started showing unusual behavior, acting spastic and their body moving without their command. ToRead More Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay2614 Words   |  11 PagesArthur Millers The Crucible Arthur Miller demonstrates the familiarities of the life he lived in the 1950s and of everyday life we live in through his plays. He communicates through his work to the way people are in society. The extreme witch hysteria deteriorated the rational and emotional stability of its citizens. This exploited the populations weakest qualities, and insecurities. The obvious breakdown in social order led to the tragedy that saw innocent souls hang on the accusationRead MoreThe Crucible Conformity Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesConformity is all around you and it is up to you to make the right choices. In Arthur Miller’s 1953 drama, The Crucible, Miller uses conformity by forcing the people of Salem to choose between being an outcast or being accepted but forced to live a life not true to themselves. Conformity plays a key role in the play because it shows the reader that everyone is hiding something and it gives a deeper meaning to some of the characters actions. The action of conforming will always be a issue in society becauseRead MoreFeminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Millers the Crucible6554 Words   |  27 PagesTitle: Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible: A Feminist Reading Author(s): Wendy Schissel Publication Details: Modern Drama 37.3 (Fall 1994): p461-473. Source: Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Bookmark: Bookmark this Document Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning Title Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible: A Feminist Reading [(essay date fall 1994) In the followingRead MoreWhy Is the Crucible so Called Essay2321 Words   |  10 PagesHow is #8216;The Crucible#8217; appropriately titled? The word #8216;crucible#8217; is used by Arthur Miller in his play as a metaphor. The first definition of the word crucible is: a melting pot especially for metals. In the play this is first acknowledged during the first act, as we gradually piece together the information concerning the girls dancing. The #8216;kettle#8217; viewed by Reverend Parris mirrors a crucible. We are told that the girls had made a brew which contained a

Privacy Is An American Invasion Of Privacy - 3113 Words

Introduction Privacy is an especially equivocal idea, in particularly because invasion of privacy is a concept that is arguably questionable. Privacy has been defined as the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals. While this definition serves as a quick start to the right of privacy, there are still several interpretations as to what may or may not constitute as an invasion of privacy. What one person may believe to be an innocent curiosity, another may feel as though it is a deliberate invasion of privacy. Often these disputes make their way into courtrooms and are subjected to controversy and evaluation. This essay will focus on appropriation of name or likeness for commercial purposes. First, it will define the right of privacy, and right of publicity. Next, the evaluation and discussion of four cases in which appropriation of name or likeness for commercial gain was assessed in courtrooms. Then after, thoughts on c urrent developments in this area of law will be discussed, as well as suggestions for current working journalists. Finally, closing and concluding statements will be addressed. Background In the mid twentieth century, the tort of appropriation experienced a shift. Courts reoriented the tort so that it no longer exclusively protected a person’s interest in dignity or â€Å"privacy,† but rather the pecuniary interest in the commercial exploitation of one’s identity, or one’sShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Is An American Invasion Of Privacy3114 Words   |  13 PagesPrivacy is an especially equivocal idea, in particularly because invasion of privacy is a concept that is arguably questionable. Privacy has been defined as the right to be left alone without unwarranted intrusion by government, media, or other institutions or individuals. While this definition serves as a quick start to the right of privacy, there are still several interpretations as to what may or may not constitute as an invasion of privacy. What one person may believe to be an innocent curiosityRead MoreSocial Media s Eroding Our Privacy Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesSurveillan ces Eroding our Privacy The emerge of our privacy invasion has mount with government surveillance by the U.S national security system (Baumer, Roth, Epstein, 2014). Government surveillance and social website such as Facebook, Twitter, Google, and YouTube are source of privacy invasion (Cole, 2015). Connecting to social website to communication with friends, family, and co-worker; sharing, updating news, and information which overcast privacy according to Cole, 2015. Many Americans became occupiedRead MoreNSAs invasion of privacy1408 Words   |  6 Pages NSA’s Invasion of Privacy Whether it is calling someone on your phone or online shopping on the computer, people are more connected than ever to the internet. However, a person might be oblivious to the fact that they are being watched using these technologies. The NSA (National Security Agency) is an intelligence organization for the U.S. to protect information systems and foreign intelligence information. Recently the NSA has been accused of invading personal privacy through web encryptionRead MoreEssay on Invasion of Privacy975 Words   |  4 PagesInvasion of Privacy and Libel Case Study Invasion of Privacy and Libel Case Study Invasion of privacy is something that is a major concern among Americans. In this paper I will discuss Steve, who has recently joined a church. The church doctrine is such that members are to reveal indiscretions from their past. Steve has told them of some of his indiscretions but Steve is not happy about this and decides he would rather leave the church. The church leaders have told Steve even if he leavesRead More Technology and the Invasion of Privacy Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology and the Invasion of Privacy As citizens of America we are all entitled to our rights of privacy. When something threatens this guaranteed privacy we tend to take extra precautions to prohibit prolonged violation. As the advancing world of technology continues to grow and expand, so do the amount of cases involving privacy invasion. Technology drives these privacy-invading crimes; however, crime also drives technology, creating a vicious cycle. Without technology an invader couldRead MoreThe Liberties Of The United States1650 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the Constitution of the United States of America, the word â€Å"privacy† appears exactly zero times. Not once does the legal document that outlines the social order of the United Sates, define, or explicitly state a â€Å"right to privacy† for its citizens. Even with this fact prevailing over society, American citizens still esteem privacy in the highest regard. According to a survey conducted by the PEW Research Center, a nonpartisan fact tan k that informs the public about the issues, attitudes andRead MoreTechnology Invading Your Privacy : An Invasion Of Personal Privacy1030 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology Invading Your Privacy As the world becomes more connected to each other, personnel privacy rights are being stifled due to the need for free flowing information. Closed Caption Television Systems (CCTV) is an invasion of personal privacy. The criteria that are used to measure invasion of privacy are constitutional rights, probable cause collection rights, consent of tracking rights, and storage or destruction of all materials collected from the CCTV system. Probable cause is the legalRead MoreEssay Bumper Stickers: Are They an Invasion of Privacy?511 Words   |  3 PagesBumper Stickers: Are They an Invasion of Privacy? Driving down the street, in the bathroom, on telephone polls, on walls of buildings, and even on trees, bumper stickers and other forms of verbal decorations clutter our view. Some make us laugh, some provoke anger, and some pull the tiny chords on our pity strings, but all express an opinion. Should we allow people to plaster everything in view with their opinions? Those who cry out with an emphatic NO believe that these types of verbal decorationsRead MoreEssay on We Must Strive to Protect Privacy in Technology580 Words   |  3 PagesWe Must Strive to Protect Privacy in Technology Technology is getting more and more complex as the years come and go. The availability of personal information is easier to access and the risk of it being tampered with is also high. As the years pass, the threat of privacy invasion gets greater and greater and easier to happen. There are several ways that privacy is able to be invaded and there will only be more to come. Americans have had their personal information given away without evenRead MoreOutrage over the NSAs Data Collection is Hypocritical in the Publics Acceptance of Data Mining by Other Companies1701 Words   |  7 Pagescomment at this time and it faded from memory. Recent events by the NSA have created public outrage about this invasion of privacy and expressed incredulity at how this could happen or even that it was possible. Although it had been reported previously, the American public seemed to accept it and moved on. Wireless technology has been around for decades. There is a part of the American population which is older and remember the two party phone lines where you could eavesdrop on others conversations

What Motivates You Free Essays

string(28) " time to complete the task\." What Motivates You! There was a time where employees were known as just another input into the production of goods and services. What possibly changed the way of thinking about employees was research, referred to as the Hawthorne Studies, conducted by Elton Mayo. This study found employees are not motivated solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). We will write a custom essay sample on What Motivates You or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why is motivation so important in the work force and what should be done? Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive, be more productive and managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Some are motivated by being asked for their assistance, others like to take on new challenges with a new assignment. Likewise having a role of leadership by being in command with ever decision you make with more responsibilities with minimum time. Employees are also instigated by being recognized by their values and like to be seen for their values by going and doing something together. Also a compliment, reward or a bonus is another great way to encourage a member by congratulating them for a job well done. A way to get managers to get employee more motivated is by asking for general help, an idea or even opinions. Asking another person for help is possible the most sincere way to recognize their abilities and value as a worker. They themselves would feel useful to you and to the company knowing they are able to help out in any way or form. This might expose the manager with lack of skills and experience, but it gives the worker self confidence and an admirable feeling knowing something a higher position doesn’t know. Few years back I use to work for Raaga, a DVD rental store for Indian movies. My manager was not so great with working on the computer and he knew I was a tech savvy in computers. He would ask me questions or get help about basic information, which I was more than happy to assist him motivating me to know something that my manager doesn’t know and makes me feel like I am an asset to have around in the store. Inquiring also shows the respect for their skills and talent that they apprehend, which leads you to greater trust in ones performance. So not only does it motivate workers, but gain respect at the same time. Some members want attention and would be an honor to be asked for help so they can use their knowledge that they have studied to solve the problem in a different form and gives them the motivation to show what they have in them. Not only does asking for help motivate, but asking for is an idea or opinion another key way. If you admire the persons idea for instance, he/she is diligent and finish their work quickly and would like to know how they finish so efficiently. Don’t hesitate to ask them there secret, because not only will it flourish your business, but you will also distinguish the skills and ability in a more meaningful way. By doing so, you not only helping your business, but also give your employees a way to express them of how they think and express themselves during their daily routine. Many managers and owners don’t take the time and trouble to go up to their employee that can suffer the company, along with the employees not having the encouragement to work productively. Motivation can also be found by having your employees rotating in different position within their home department. Many small and large businesses are looking ways to improve the work design system by creating a job rotation strategy. When employees work on the same duty each day without variation, they are more likely develop boredom and carelessness, because they lose their self-esteem and motivation values. Many workers get tired doing the same task repeatedly, which can lower motivation. This not only lets the workers maneuver around at work by having new task, but will reduce the burnout reduction of being in the same position throughout the years. Burnout is an exhaustion feeling that disintegrates businesses leading to decrease productivity, increased absences and increased of people leaving the job. Placing them in a new surrounding can change the person work behavior in an instance. They are now learning different working skills and socializing with other people in different areas of the department, which gives them the challenge to be a more skillful worker. I am currently working for Dish Network and currently we have been doing the same routine throughout the week. So my supervisor gave me a new opportunity by placing me in new location that I have never been to before. This means meeting new customers and newer environment gives a fresher feeling and new experience giving the motivation to keep working. Having a person with different skills and talent can be a plus point for the company. Furthermore, employees that are engaged with a variety of positions throughout the company experiences increase in appreciation for coworkers and the connection between positions, which lower resentment and improve organizational commitment. Employees at the same time will build up motivational feelings by knowing that they are a great part of an asset to the company and the team. Greater the motivation the other advantage of the job rotation is increased employee satisfaction, because business owners know when a worker are not pleased with people that endeavors. This makes them feel unmotivated, disturbed and depressed, which is disrupting productivity. Informal leadership can also put a major impact on gaining motivation. According to Jeff Haden, author of â€Å"The 5 Best Ways to Praise Employees,† Putting an employee in a short-term informal leadership role can make a major impact. Testing their knowledge, leadership skills and managing with very little time to complete the task. You read "What Motivates You" in category "Essay examples" An informal leadership role shows trust in your employee’s intelligence and their judgments. The more important the assignment is, the bigger the implied praise and the greater the boost to their self esteem, which ties with motivational factors. According to Psychologist Frederick Herzberg, â€Å"Motivational factors are those elements that go above and beyond the basic maintenance factors. † (148). It gives them the opportunity to be recognized, promoted or even be given more responsibilities. This also motivates the employees to improve their productivity. They might find out new and productive way to complete the company’s goals as well as their individual goals. When they are given a big task or project in hand the boss expects you to manage everything by yourself by gathering the right people for the task and giving out orders might give stress to a person. But it unlocks their motivations and ambition to show they have it in them to accomplish anything for a job well done. Managers and employees are usually busy with their own work and never have the time to know one another. Knowing your employees either as a family or friend can make them feel flattered rather than being seen as just another employee at work. A good way to know your employee’s value, especially their value to you is by doing something together. It doesn’t have to be work related in general it can be something outside of work. For instance going ut for coffee or lunch break is a great way to have a conversation. Ask about their family and kids or just life in general. At the same time a manger would want to keep a minimum distance by neither being to companionable with the members, because this may disrupt the flow of productivity of work if we had employees being more laid back and coming late to work to the time they are scheduled. By doing something w ith an employee individually and getting to know them with the slightest attention can also increase production making them feel admired by being known personally by the boss. Employees will automatically know their position to where they stand and will continue to do what it takes to keep the boss satisfied to be known as a valuable employee. The last source and probably the greatest source are by giving a simple compliment for a great job or even an award to show your gratitude. Money is an important factor in life, but it doesn’t always motivate them. What really motivates to perform at higher levels is being thoughtful, personal kind of recognition showing true gratefulness for job well done. For instance when I finish my shift my supervisor gives me a positive feedback at the end of the day letting me know that I am doing a fine job. Many bosses or owners don’t give enough of these compliments to their employees after finishing any task, making them feel they haven’t done a extensive job. A boss should notice their employee’s performance, because taking someone for granted will never be a proper motivator. Giving a positive response and other forms of showing your appreciation can show great support for the right performance. The cost is little to nothing and can be given when a good deed occurs, which is when motivation has its most effective impact. Giving a time off can also help people’s motivation. If top performers can continue to keep up with high results while working less, everybody wins. A day off doesn’t really cost the organization anything if the performance levels remain high. Coming to work day to day can be exhausting and can wear people out, which may lower motivation to continue to perform like they use to when they first started. A day off can help a person relax, spend time with the family member and regain energy so their minds can be clearer and make accurate decision or just being rewarded by finishing the job quicker. But of course it never hurts to get extra cash in your pocket by getting a bonus in your paycheck. These are only a few ways to motivate your employees and remember what ever motivates one person might not motivate everyone else. Giving similar rewards does not motivate employees to exceed further and may ruin performance as top achievers see no reason to do the job that they are doing. According to Continental J. Social Sciences group, study of â€Å"The Effects of Motivation on Workers Performance,† hypotenuse predicted that, â€Å"The majority who are 35 in number with 58 percent proof the significance of promotion and fairness in promoting workers performance, while 17 percent who are 10 in number resort to money likewise, 12 percent for security, 8 percent and 5 percent also subscribe for recognition and prestige respectively,† for a more motivational production. It is important to know that motivational influence plays a very big role in the day to day task of workers in every organization. As a result it is clear that workers performance of any sort is a function of motivation getting from the organization and thereby improves and increase productivity. In view of that workers motivation matter a lot and should be concerned for both employers and the employees. There are many ways to motivate a person and everyone has a different way of being encouraged weather its asking your employee for help, getting placed in a role of informal leadership or even going out for a coffee break getting to know each other can be a great way as well. Maneuver your employees in different departments or environment can also be another way for them to have a fresh new feeling and of course being rewarded or getting cash bonus never hurts for getting a job accomplished for a more efficient successful business. How to cite What Motivates You, Essay examples

“October Sky” by Joe Johnston and “Every Day Use” by Alice Walker’s Essay Example For Students

â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston and â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker’s Essay â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston and â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker’s stories deal with parents and kids relationships. John Hickam and a middle-aged woman are parents who find themselves choosing between both of their kids. Dee and Jim are the strongest kids of the family who’ve followed their parents’ expectations. Homer and Maggie are very different from their brother and sister. They have very different goals compare to their brothers and sisters. As consequence their relationship with their parents experience obstacles and conflicts. As readers we capture the distinctions that this parents have between their kids. They treat them differently. The theme that stands the most is based on the relationship between parents and children. John and Walker have learned to accept their kids and the differences that create a different out come from the begging of the story until the end. Hickam and Walker faced conflicts and gained their parents respects by changing their static relationship into dynamic acceptance between them. Homer devotion to rockets and differences between his brothers does not follow his dad’s expectations creating conflicts between them and static their relationship as father and son. In â€Å"October Sky†, the story takes place at a West Virginia mining town during the 1950’s. People could only survive working in coalmines. John is a mine superintendent and fully expects Homer to follow his footsteps. He demonstrates to him how much he wants him to become a coal minter and says † homer I was born for this, and I shouldn’t be surprise you were to. † This creates conflict with his dream of becoming a Rocket Scientists. By winning the science project he would be able to gain a scholarship and becoming a rocket scientist. He follows his dream over passing the problems like when he’s arrested for flying his rockets. This makes his father say something he’s never said before. In this scene he shows how bad he felt about his son and says, â€Å"Homer I’ve been confuse about you, I’ve been mad at you, but boy that is the fist time I’m shame of you I in my life. † Other contradiction for his father is the different accomplishment from his brother Jim. He succeeds as a football player by winning a scholarship. This is something that for his father’s eyes puts Homer in a disadvantage. This passage is reflected when he’s at his office and says â€Å"Were shouting off a rocket today, I though you might like to come and see it? † John replays, â€Å"I got to catch up on some work. † Then Homer looks straight at him and says, â€Å"how come you never have work when Jim plays football, you never miss a game? † Maggie has an insecure personality very different from her mother showing a conflict and maintaining a static relationship with her mother. In â€Å"Every Day Use† it’s a story narrated by a woman who describes her self as â€Å"a large, big-boned woman with rough, woman-working hands. She has enjoyed a rugged farming life in the country and now lives in a small, tin-roofed house surrounded by a clay yard in the middle of cow pasture and has two daughters, Maggie and Dee. Dee is very different from Maggie. She’s a smart girl who was send to Augusta School to study and become a knowledgeable woman. This is also described by her mother and says â€Å"She washed us in a river of make believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn’t necessary need to know. † Before Dee seemed to hate her sister. After the house where both of the girls and her mother used to be live before. This incident created an immense impact on Maggie. What is Patriotism EssayDee said, â€Å"Maggie knows how to quilt† Quilting was tradition for her mother pass down generation by generation since the Civil War. Therefore Maggie’s mother knew she’s worked hard for them and reacted by telling Dee, â€Å"I promised to give the quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas. † Maggie proved to have respect for her mother and a lot of love. This was shown when she says to her mother â€Å"She can have them, Mama, I can still remember Grandma Dee without the quilts. † After leaving for so long with her mother she deserved those quilts. Instead of fighting for she didn’t mine her sister having them. This reply represented the respect she had for her mother and her ancestors; she didn’t require the quilt to remember who she was. Very differently from her sister, Dee who needed to have them hangs on the wall in order to remember her past. As ignorant, ugly as she was she always supported her mom. This affection changes the static relationship they had as mother and daughter. It also created a dynamic attitude towards her daughter. Her mother recognizes how meanful she really is for her by saying to Dee I promised to give the quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas. â€Å"When I looked at her something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. † In this part her mother has realized the real Maggie, she finish this by saying â€Å"This was the way she knew God to work. † Her mother’s last proof of affection was show when she says, â€Å"I did something I never had done before: hugged Maggie. † â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston demonstrated the conflicts that John Hickam faced with his son Homer. Among these conflicts were the following: his devotion to rockets, becoming a coal miner, his father rejection and the differences among his brother. As well as â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker provided us a list of conflicts, which made Maggie and her mother relationship very static. Conflicts based on Maggie’s insecure, ignorant, differences form her sister that she reflected to her mother. Magpies gained her mother’s respect by showing support, understanding and respect to her culture, values and ancestors. Homer as well gained his father’s respect with effort, respect towards his dad, wining the science fair and becoming a scientist. Both of the kids change their parents point of view and their static relationship into a dynamic understanding and acceptance among themselves.

Poor Promotion Decision and Human Resource Management

Europe in teh 1960s1 essays

Europe in teh 1960s1 essays Europe is an ever-changing landscape of culture and society. Many major advances in technology and knowledge were introduced to this scene in the nineteen-sixties. Political transformation took place in this decade as well as social and ethnic changes. The beginning of the Space Age marked scientific enhancements just as the second Vatican Council meeting was a sign of cultural attempts to bring a group up to date with the times. The building of the Berlin Wall signaled feuding between governments and their differences. The Space Age was inaugurated with the launching of Sputnik I on October 4, 1957. Yet astronautics originated in the early nineteenth century. As early as 1819 Konstantine E. Ziolkovsky, the founding father of Russian space science, predicted the of a space rocket employing liquid fuel and liquid oxygen capable of thrusting man into space. From 1957 to 1961, Russian spaceships were the first top carry live animals, to reach the vicinity of the moon and orbit the sun, and to photograph the far side of the moon. While America was reaching significant scientific progress, Russia clearly dominated the excitement of space exploration. In March of 1961, Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would soon place a man in space. Within a few weeks, on April 12, Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. The spaceship Vostok I weighed 10,395 pounds, orbited the globe in eighty-nine minutes at a top speed of seventeen thousand miles per hour. Gagarins journey was incredibly smooth. He reported writing a note, drinking, and eating. Reentry into Earths atmosphere, more rapid than anticipated marred his capsule, but Gagarin landed safely four hundred miles southeast of Moscow. The United States and Russia were both struggling for world prestige. This advance in exploration sparked the fire that would launch every spaceship following. It created a bloodless battle betw...

Dracula 1931 vs 1992 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dracula 1931 vs 1992 - Essay Example And this opinion has remained in some ways over the last eighty years. Tod Browning, the director, and Bela Lugosi brought the world what is arguably the most famous monster in history. This version is however, very slow-paced with low-lit sets. The film does not show Dracula ever biting into his victims’ necks, though. The film may have come alive if it had been made as a silent movie a few years earlier. In a non-talking film you have to show the horrors; you cannot convey horror through dialog as was attempted in 1931. It would be better if in between the dialogue, it had included sound effects or background music. When comparing to the 1992 Dracula, one finds the latter much more explicit. Director Coppola sticks to the original narrative of Bram Stoker but brings to life the horror and fear that the novel sometimes allows one to overlook. Dracula himself is seen both as the old count that Jonathan Harker meets and the younger, more suave version of the Count, who comes to London to woo Mina. The 1992 version also uses a lot of rich color and costumes to emphasize the gothic nature of the story. The script is truer to Stoker’s work, retaining characters like Holmswood and Quincey Morris who are usually skipped in other productions. All in all, the 1992 version may not be as iconic as the 1931 Dracula played by Lugosi, but in maintaining the terror of the story, it succeeds just as well, if not

Sociological Perspectives of Deviance Over The Life Course Research Paper

Sociological Perspectives of Deviance Over The Life Course - Research Paper Example Laub and Robert(1990, p600) noted that the major shortcoming of criminologists’ approach to crime is that they ignore the early childhood characteristics of crime and as a result, it has become challenging to establish a relationship between child and adult offenses in the society. In the human development stages, empirical research has established that criminal behavior begins from childhood and attains its peak during adolescence, continuing later in life, as a person grows older. Moreover, labor market and social stability are important factors that influence development of deviant behavior later in life (Laub and Robert, 1990, p604). This paper investigates how criminal deviant behavior changes over one’s life course, by looking into strain and self-control theory in the theoretical criminology perspective. Sociological theories of criminal deviant behavior In the contemporary society, the culture of a given community determines what behavior is normal or deviant th rough established norms and values (Blumstein, et al, 1986, p53). This implies that a behavior considered deviant in one society could be acceptable in another. Blumstein et al(1986, p32) noted that norms and values constitute to the moral code of a culture that determines whether certain behavior is ‘good or bad’, and if it is right or wrong. In order to establish whether an action is normal or deviant, it is important to not only consider the action, but the place, the character of the person and the culture or the society that the action is done. Therefore, from a sociological point of view, deviant behavior is a conduct that does comply with the values and norms of the society in question (Hagan, 1989, p66). There is great disparity between normal and deviant behavior in view of different societies, but some actions are universally regarded as deviant, such mass murder, genocide, defiling children just to name a few. However, there is no scientific framework of esta blishing whether a given action is normal or amounts to deviance. As a result, sociologists affirm that there is a higher moral order that establishes whether a certain behavior is deviant, regardless of the cultural belief or conviction about the normality of the behavior (Hagan, 1989, p69). For example, certain behavior such as child abuse is presently considered deviant irrespective of cultural beliefs that justified punishment of child as a way of imparting discipline. Deviance behavior is a normal in every society and it presents opportunities for the larger society to unite with intention of countering the deviant group (Caspi, 1987, p 1215). The unity of purpose is essential for continuous survival of any group. It is common for members in society to take each other granted when everything is working normally resulting to weakening of social interdependence. However, emergence of social deviance behavior in society rekindles their unity, and it compels the society to recommit to social controls that hold the society together. Moreover, deviant behavior

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivational Theories and Factors - Essay Example So, it is better to be an active listener of others and we can motivate effectively. Invest more time with the workers and perform as a pure listener to them. Presence of supervisor or manager gives various concepts of motivation like responsibility, confidence, loyalty and commitment to the employer. Stefanie Hoffmann observes; â€Å"These concepts not only provide motivation in the sense of increasing performance but also the loyalty and commitment of the employees to the organization† (Hoffmann, 2007, p. 111). Rewards are essential part of motivation and rewarding the outstanding achievements of workers or employee provides them motivation. Find different methods to appreciate the achievements of people in public. Rewards include gifts, financial supports, and certificates, lunch programs and initiative board. It is important that exact communication is essential for why the employee is being rewarded or appreciated. To understand the strength and weaknesses of the employee is an important responsibility of an efficient manager. Help employees if they need special assistance and coaching .An efficient manager eliminate the weaknesses of his worker and enhance their strength through help and assistance.

Mycobacterium Marinum Treatment Literature Review

Mycobacterium Marinum Treatment Literature Review Abstract Background Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium that can be found in water environment. It is the agent of a characteristic skin disease known also as fish tank granuloma. In some occasions it can spread as a nodular lymphangitis, extend to deep structures as well as in exceptional cases disseminate systemicaly . The infection is adquired after contact with fish or contaminated water mainly from aquaria or swimming pools. Although the real incidence is understimate, it is a uncommon infection that needs high clinical suspicion to be diagnosed. As a consequence, delay in the diagnosis is common. Mycobacterium marinum is intrinsically a multidrug resistant mycobacterium.There is no clear consesus in the management of this infection. Usually it is managed either with monotherapy or with combination of antibiotics plus surgery in selected cases. Methods Retrospective study of cases of fish tank granuloma collected from 2000 to 2009 in the dermatology surgery of The Hospital of Tropical Diseases (HTD) of the University College London Hospitals. Systematic review of the literature with the terms Mycobacterium marinum and fish tank granuloma from 1999 to 2009. Results From the HTD dermatology surgery were collected 7 cases. Identification of M. marinum was possible only in 5. The response to treatment was good at least in 5 of them. In the literature review there were reported a total of 516 cases. From those 133 could be analyzed as individual cases. Identification was possible in 89.5% of the cases. Cured was reported in 82% of the cases. Conclusion The key of the diagnosis is to collect accurately the history of exposure. Histology, although no pathognomonic, will rise the suspicion if granuloma formation are found and will facilitate the differential diagnosis. Identification is done after culture with classical biochemical tests. Molecular biology techniques have the advantage of accelerate the procedure. There is not enough evidence to propose any specific treatment. Currently, recommendations are based in experts opinions. A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial would be valuable to propose a base evident treatment. Contents Pages Introduction M. marinum is an environmental atypical mycobacterium ubiquitous in fresh, salt, and brackish water. It is known that infects temperate and tropical species of fish of at least 150 species, including ornamental fish. But also affects frogs, eels, oysters, aquatic mammals, toads and snakes [2, 11]. It cause tuberculosis-like disease in fish, its natural host [129]. The infection in fish has an average incubation period of 3 months. It affects viscera and produce anorexia with emaciation, skin defects, distension of the abdomen, being cause of sudden death [11, 12, 66]. In 1904, Alexander described for first time lesions in a cod fish that were associated with acid fast bacilli. But it was Aronson in 1926 that isolated the bacteria from tubercles of fish that died in an aquarium of Philadelphia. He described the bacilli as acid fast, chromogenic, pleomorphic and growing best at 18 º-20 ºC. Aronson suggested the name of Mycobacterium marinum [130]. M. marinum is as well the causative agent of the human disease called fish tank granuloma, also known as swimming pool granuloma or fish fancier ´s finger syndrome. In 1951 Norden and Linell reported for the first time the human disease in a swimming pool outbreak in ÃÆ'–rebro, Sweden. They described the lesions as chronic papulous ulcerations, usually located in the elbows. The pathogen was isolated from the walls of that swimming pool as well as from the lesions of the patients. They called the pathogen isolated Mycobacterium balnei [131]. It was not until 1959 when Bojalil demonstrated that M. marinum and M. balnei were in fact, the same mycobacterium [132]. M. marinum is the most frequent cause of skin infection among the environmental mycobacterium that affects humans [86, 133]. Nowadays the frequency of human infections is mainly sporadic. But in the past, outbreaks related with swimming pools were not uncommon [134]. As an example, one of the biggest epidemics was in Glenwood springs pool, Colorado in 1956 with 262 cases reported [135]. That was before chlorination became a common practice. Chlorination makes water safer. As was seen recently in Bologna, were water from swimming pools were free of M. marinum. But still could be isolated in 4.5% of the samples from the shower floor of the same [136]. The real global incidence of the disease is not know because the number of cases are underreported, due probably to the difficulties in the diagnosis [94]. It is world wide distributed but with a tendency to aggregate geographically [137]. Like in Chesapeake bay, Maryland, where there is an incidence of 4 cases per 100000 population per year [138]. Meanwhile in California was estimated in 0.27 cases per 100000 adults [139]. Or in Satowan, Micronesia, with an estimated prevalence of 10% of the population [115]. Apparently the global annual incidence remains small and stable [140]. Even though an increase number of reported cases has been noticed in The United States, going from an average of 40 cases per year in the 80s to an average of 198 cases per year in the 90s [141]. What seems clearer is that differing from other atypical mycobacteria the prevalence of M. marinum has not increased with the HIV epidemic [140]. Opposite to humans, the incidence in fish is increasing in hatchery fish, probably due to the high population density of fish. Transmission is possible fish to fish and between fish and amphibians. In addition it has been proposed transmission through eggs and through practice of feeding fish with fish carcasses [140]. There are 2 groups or clusters of M. marinum with different pathogenicity. Cluster I is characterized by producing acute disease and death in fish and also for affecting humans. On the contrary, cluster II only affects fish producing the classical chronic disease with granuloma formation [9]. This is also supported by a study done in Israel were it was seen that only certain strains of M. marinum affected humans. They also demonstrate that in Israel strains affecting humans came from ornamental fish and not from local fish for consumption [5]. The mode of transmission to humans is mainly waterborne and fish borne. Person to person transmission has not been documented [137]. However, It has been described indirect transmission via fomites in at least 3 cases. Two very small children and one infant who acquired the infection after bathing in containers that were previously used to clean the family fish tanks of tropical fish [27, 40, 142]. As other environmental mycobacterium, M. marinum has commonly low pathogenicity. For this reason in normal conditions only affects disrupted skin [8]. The main risk factor to contract the infection consists in having lesions or abrasions in the skin with exposure to non chlorinated water or marine animals infected [140]. The most frequently nowadays is the exposure to private aquaria. But some times the source of exposure is unknown. As a consequence, after the description of cases following injuries with plants, it has been suggested the possibility that could be other reservoirs different from water and fish. Although at the present moment this possibility has not been demonstrated [30, 43]. The incubation period is usually 3 to 4 weeks [135]. Following, the most common manifestation is a cutaneous lesion at the site of inoculation. It initiates as a solitary nodule or pustule that eventually evolutes to an ulcer , abscess or verrucous plaque [143]. It affects more frequently the extremities, probably because the pathogen grows better at low temperatures [144]. The severity of the disease depends, among other factors, on the number of microorganisms inoculated [134] In 20% of the cases the cutaneous lesions spread along ascending lymphatic vessels. This is called sporotrichoid spread or nodular lymphangitis [143]. As a result of direct extension invasion of deep structures as tendons, articulations and bones occurs in 29% of the cases [144]. Systemic dissemination is unusual but has been described in immunocompromised patients [140]. Spontaneous resolution , usually with scaring , has been documented from months after the infection up to 2 years [133, 135]. The diagnosis is based on the history of exposure and risk factors along with the characteristic clinical features. It is supported with histopathology, culture and bacteriological identification that in some cases require molecular biology techniques [94, 120]. The fact is that the diagnosis is not easy and in most of the cases is either delayed or remain being presumptive based in the history and response to treatment. The objective of the treatment is to increase the speed of resolution and prevent progression of the disease [1]. With this purpose different combinations of antibiotics plus the support, in selected cases, of surgery are the common practices in the treatment of this infection. Although the election of the drugs still depends of the preference of individual authors and is not based on controlled evidence [143]. Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the project is to determine the current state of evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of M. marinum infection. Being the specific objective to review the literature and the series of HTD cases with the purpose of suggest appropriate diagnosis and case management of Mycobacterium marinum infection. Material and Methods Cases with diagnosis of fish tank granuloma were review. The cases were diagnosed and treated from 2000 to 2009 in the dermatology surgery of The Hospital of Tropical Diseases of the University College London Hospitals. There were included patients with either culture positive for M. marinum or clinical diagnosis plus response to appropriate treatment. The files of those patients were reviewed and data were collected in a questioner that included: anthropological data, past medical and drug history, risk factors and exposure, description and location of the lesions, spread or deep extension of the infection, incubation period , delay in diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment and evolution (see questioner in annex). Additional information considered relevant was as well collected. A literature review in Medline and Cochrane databases was done. The review included the combination of the following terms: Mycobacterium marinum or fish tank granuloma. It was limited to papers from 1999 to July 2009, English and Spanish literature and humans. The papers obtained in the search were divided in 3 categories. First, case reports in which it was possible to collect data from individual cases. Information of those papers was collected in the questionnaire previously mentioned. Second, case series of 14 or more cases in which data from individual cases was not reported. And finally, a miscellaneous category of papers that were considered relevant for the diagnosis and treatment of this infection. The information gathered in the questioners was computerized in Microsoft Excel 2007. No statistical analysis was done in view of the cases were publish not with this purpose. As a consequence probably important reporting bias would invalidate any statistical outcome. Simple description of the results was done. Results Cases of The Hospital of Tropical Diseases From 2000 to July 2009 there were collected 7 cases with diagnosis of Mycobacterium marinum infection. The 7 cases included 6 males and 1 female and their ages ranged form 31 to 65 years. All the cases admitted to have had contact with an aquarium. In two cases the exposure was occupational. One of them worked in the London Zoo being responsible of the management of the aquaria. The second was a cook in a restaurant that store crustacean in an aquarium. All the cases presented nodular lesions located in one of the upper limbs, six of them with sporotrichoid spread and one with a solitary nodule (see photos is annex). One patient that was taking oral prednisolone due to severe atopic eczema presented with tenosynovitis of the left hand, sporotrichoid spread and palpable regional lymphonodes. The rest of the patients were not immunosuppressed. Biopsy of the lesions was performed in all the cases. However AFB were found just in one case. Whereas cultures were positive in 5 cases for M. marinum. In the other two cases the diagnosis was done based on history of exposure, clinical characteristics and positive response to treatment. Different combinations of antibiotics were used with no clear advantage of any regimen in particular. In 4 patients it was need to change the regiment. The reasons were drug intolerance in one case and lack of improvement in the rest. There was also one case that initially was improving with a regimen of rifampicin plus minocycline. But after simplification of the regiment to clarithromycin monotherapy presented worsening of the lesions. This case was eventually controlled switching to minocycline plus ethambutol. There was one patient who presented a relapse after one year of the previous infection. Finally it was cured with 6 months of rifampicin plus clarithromycin. Susceptibility test was done in 3 cases. It was detected resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin in one case and susceptibility to clarithromycin, ethambutol and doxycycline in 3 cases. The average time of duration of the treatment was 6 months with a range of 2 to 9 months. Surgery was not required in any patient. The final outcome was good in 5 patients being the other 2 lost of follow up (see table 1). Case No Age(y) /Sex Medical history Drug history Exposure Location Clinical characteristics Histology AFB results Culture Treatment Duration (months) Evolution 1 9/M No Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules sporotrichoid spread Granulomatous inflammation AFB + 1-RIF+DOX 2-RIF+EMB+DOX 3-RIF+EMB+CLR 7 Cured 2 61/F Psoriasis Chronic paronychia Aquarium Upper limb 3 nodules Sporotrichoid spread AFB + 1-MIN 2 Improving Lost of follow up 3 64/M No Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules Sporotrichoid spread Noncaseating granuloma 1-EMB+TET 2-RIF+EMB+INH 9 Relapse after 1year 3(*) 65/M Fish tank granuloma Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules Sporotrichoid spread 1-RIF+CLR 6 Cured 4 59/M Severe atopic eczema Systemic steroids Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules Sporotrichoid spread Tenosynovitis AFB + 1-DOX 2-RIF+EMB 3-RIF+EMB+CLR 4-ERI+MIN ? Lost of follow up 5 44/M No Aquarium Upper limb 5 nodules Purulent discharge Sporotrichoid spread Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation AFB- + 1-RIF+MIN 2-CLR 3-MIN+EMB 3.5 Cured 6 31/M No Aquaria (London Zoo) Finger Solitary nodule AFB + 1-CLR+EMB 4 Cured 7 49/M No Aquarium (Restaurant) Upper limb 5 nodules Sporotrichoid spread + 1-RIF+EMB 5 Cured (*) Notice that case number 3 is repeated. It belongs to the same patient that the one above but one year later. The patient presented a relapse after one year of being cured. Results from the literature review From 1999 to July 20009 there were found 233 results in Medline database and zero In Cochran Library. From those, 127 were considered relevant and consequently analysed in this review. From the 127 papers reviewed, 108 contained case reports and the 19 remaining were a miscellaneous of reviews or original articles covering issues related with diagnosis and treatment. No clinical trials or randomized control trials were found. In those years the literature reported a total of 516 cases of M. marinum infection. From those cases reported only 133 could be analyzed as individual cases. The rest of cases were reported as series of cases (See figure 1). The number of cases reported per year since 1999 up to July 2009 have been variable with a minimum of 6 cases per year in 2004 to a maximum of 88 cases in 2000. No clear tendency to increase neither decrease has been notice (see Figure 2). The majority of the cases have been reported in Europe, North America and South East Asia. No cases have been reported in Africa and only one case in South America (see Figure 3). Results from papers that could be analyzed as individual cases The reports included 82 men and 51 women. The average age was 46.7 years with a minimum of 18 months and a maximum of 87 years (see Figure 4). 70% of the patients had no relevant past medical history. 9% of the patients were immunosuppressed: 5 patients had HIV infection, 4 were recipients of solid organ transplant, 1 patient had a myelodisplastic syndrome, 1 had Non-Hodking Lymphoma and 1 had Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Among other relevant pathologies were reported 12 diabetic patients, 11 with rheumatic diseases and finally 5 that were suffering from other problems as: asthma, bullous pemphigoid, myasthenia gravis, Cronh ´s disease and sarcoidosis. The majority of the patients were not taking any relevant drug. However, 20 of them were on systemic steroids, 12 had received steroids as local injection, 10 took methotrexate and 9 TNF-blockers. The most frequent exposure referred was the contact with an aquarium usually of tropical fish, it was reported in 51% of the cases. It was followed in 26 cases (20%) by other kind of contact with fish mainly referred as contact while cooking or cleaning fish. Finally 16 cases (14%) had other kind of contact with water environment. That included mostly fishermen or recreational sailors. Opposite to papers from the 60s, only in 2 patients referred contact with swimming pools. In 15 cases (11%) the source of exposure was not recall or reflected in the papers. Injury related with plants was reported in 3 cases. In one case the exposure was a bucket. The bucket was used to bath a child of 18 months after being used to put fish from an aquarium. As a result the child got infected [40]. History of trauma with skin barrier impairment was referred in 46 cases (71%) of the patients. Among those, 18 cases (39%) recall direct injury with either fin fish, fish hook or crab bite. Occupational exposure was reported in 20 cases (15%). The most frequent occupational risk was to be cook and have injuries while cleaning fish. Another common job of high risk was to work in a pet shop, with the duty of cleaning aquaria. Finally fishermen are evidently in direct contact with water and fish and prone to suffer injures with fish hooks. The incubation period was documented only in 30 patients. It went from 1 day up to 4 months with and average of 48.9 days. The cases that presented an incubation period less than two weeks had in common to have suffered penetrating injuries with fish (figure 5). The upper limbs were affected in 120 case (90.2%), being the fingers the most frequent location. The lower limbs were affected in 11 cases (8.3%). The face in 7 cases (5.3%) and that included delicate locations as nostrils, eyelid and cornea. Finally, cutaneous dissemination was reported in 7 cases (5.3%). Sporotrichoid spread was found in 53 cases (39.8%). Lymphonodes affectation was recorded in only in 7 cases (5.3%) of the cases. The lesions were described as nodules in 63 cases (7%), plaques in 23 (17.35%), papules in 13 (9.8%) and ulcers in 22 (16.5%). There was purulent discharge in 32 cases (24.1%), as well as swelling and tenderness in 37 (27.8%) and 42 (72.4%) cases respectively. Involvement of deep structures was referred in 45 cases (33.8%) of the cases being the most frequent tenosynovitis with 34 cases (75.6%), followed by arthritis with 12 (26.7%) and osteomyelitis with 6 (13.3%). Systemic dissemination with documented bacteraemia was reported in 3 cases. The 3 of them were males from 66 to 87 years. In 2 cases the patients were on systemic steroids, due to myasthenia gravis[103] in one case and polymyalgia rheumatica[62] in the other. Sadly the third case that initially was not taking drugs, after being misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis was put on systemic steroids, infliximab (TFN blocker) and methotrexate [59]. From the patients with invasive disease, including involvement of deep structures or systemic dissemination, 21 (46.6%9 were taken some kind of immunosuppressive drug. Meanwhile only 13 (15.5%) of the rest of the patients were taken them (see figure 6). Other interesting characteristic of the patients with invasive disease was that 15 (33.3%) of them referred direct fish injury. Only 3 (3.4%) of the rest had this exposure (see figure 7). Patients that for any reason were taken immunosuppressive drugs presented different characteristics from the rest of the patients. More than half of them presented invasive disease compared with only 20% of the rest (see table 2). Patients taking immunosuppressive drugs (*) Patients no taking any drugs Number of patients 36 91 Average age (years) 53.2 44.9 Female % 14 / 38.9% 36 / 39.6 % Sporotrichoid spread 13 / 36.1% 39 / 42.8% Involvement deep structures 21 / 58.3% 19 / 20.8% Systemic dissemination 3 / 8.3% 0 AFB positive 19 / 52.7% 33 / 36.3% Culture 33 / 91.6% 75 / 82.4% Bad evolution 2 / 5.5% 3 / 3.3% (*)Immunosuppressive drugs including: TNF-Blockers, systemic steroids, local injectable steroids, methotrexate and azathioprine. The time of evolution until the patients presented for consultation was as short as 4 days and as long as 18 years with an average of 8.6 months. The time until the diagnosis was finally done was only reflected in 17 patients. However the delay went from 21 days to 2 years with an average of 6.3 months. Tuberculosis skin test was only done in 19 patients. From those 86.4% were positive. Biopsy of the lesions was done in 120 cases (90.2%). Aspirate was reported only in 19 cases (1 4.3%). Histology characteristics suggestive of mycobacterial infection with granuloma formation were found in 45.5% of the biopsies. However, only 21% of those were described as caseating granulomas. Other frequent finding reported was mix infiltrates with chronic and acute inflammatory cells. In some cases a wrong diagnosis was done due to confusion with rheumatoid nodules, Sweetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s syndrome, foreign body granuloma or interstitial granuloma annulare (See table 3). Table 3: Histology Findings Histology description Number of patients Non caseating granuloma 19 Caseating granuloma 12 Granuloma( type not specified) 26 Infiltrates of chronic and acute inflammatory cells (lymphocytes , neutrophils, histiocytes) 18 Granulation tissue 6 Abscess formation 9 Necrotizing folliculitis 1 Focal dermal necrosis 3 Fibrinoid degeneration 1 Necrotizing paniculitis 2 Cystic degeneration 1 Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia 4 Acute suppurative paniculitis 1 Fibrinous exudates 3 Lichenoid inflammation 1 Acanthosis in epidermis 2 Necrotic Corneal Stroma 1 Dermal fibrosis 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of follicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nodular and perifollicular infiltrate of neutrophils and histiocytes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dermal fibrosis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Collections of neutrophils within follicles 1 patient with lesions of 18 years evolution Confusion with other pathologies Rheumatoid Arthritis ( rheumatoid nodule) 2 Sweet ´s syndrome 2 Foreign body granuloma 2 Interstitial gra nuloma annulare 2 In the samples collected AFB was found in 41.7%, was negative in 34.6% and was not reported in 23.6%. In total identification of M. marinum was possible in 119 cases (89.5%). Culture was positive in 114 cases (85.7%). The time until the cultures grew went from 8 to 56 days, with an average of 23.3 days. Identification with PCR was done in 19 cases (14.2%). The imaging techniques were useful to diagnose extension of the infection. Radiographies were used in 25 cases (18.7%) to rule out bone involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in 16 cases (12%) resulting in the diagnosis of tenosynovitis, abscess, join effusions or osteomyelitis. About the treatment, 126 patients were treated with antibiotics; in the rest of the cases the management is not mentioned. Surgery was need in 38 patients (84.4%) with affectation of deep structures and in 21 patients (25%)with cutaneous lesions. Monotherapy was used in 54 cases (42.8%), bitherapy in 38 cases (29.4%), triple therapy in 20 cases (15%) and combination of 4 or more drugs in 5 cases (4%). Finally combinations of drugs that included classical tuberculosis treatment were used in 10 cases (8.7%). In 41 patients the regimen of drugs needed to be change, either for non effectiveness or non tolerance. The regiment was change one time in 29 cases (21.8%), two times in 10 cases (7.5%), and up to 3 times in 2 patients (1.5%). The drug more frequently used as monotherapy was clarithromycin, followed by minocycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The combinations of drugs more frequently used were rifampicin + ethambutol followed by clarithromycin + rifampicin and clarithromycin + ethambutol. (Effectiveness of the different regimens depending of the extension of the disease can be seen in table 4) Susceptibility test were reported in 34 patients. Rifampicin was susceptible in 86.4% of the test, ethambutol in 91.3%, clarithromycin in 95% and minocycline in 62.5%. Isoniazid was resistant in 100% of the tests done and streptomycin in 66.6% (see table 5). The average time of duration of antibiotic treatment was 5.4 months, with a range of 12 days to 15 months. After completion of the treatment the final evolution of 109 patients (81.9%) was reported as good outcome or cured. Only in 8 patients (6%) the evolution was reported as bad outcome. No mention about the evolution was done in the rest of cases. Among 12 patients in which long follow up was reported, only one patient presented recurrence of the infection after 3 months course of doxycycline. (Characteristics of the cases with bad outcome are resumed in table 6. Table 4:: Antibiotic Combinations Used Depending On The Extension of The Disease Patients with only cutaneous lesions Patients with Invasive disease Number of patients Effectiveness Number of patients Effectiveness Monotherapy 38 52.5% 16 75% CLR 8 75% 5 100% MIN 10 70% 1 100% DOX 8 50% 1 100% CIP 4 25% 2 50% CTX 2 100% 3 33.3% AZI 3 0% 0 AMK 1 0% 0 ERI 0 1 0% LEV 0 1 0% MOX 1 0% 0 OFL 1 0% 2 50% Combinations of 2 drugs 26 92% 11 83.3% CLR + EMB 6 100% 2 100% CLR + CIP 1 100% 0 CLR + MIN 1 100% 0 CLR + RIF 5 80% 0 CLR +CTX 1 100% 0 RIF + EMB 9 100% 5 60% RIF + CTX 0 1 100% RIF + INH 0 1 100% CIP +DOX 1 100% 0 CIP + EIR 1 0% 0 DOX +CTX 0 2 100% CIP + EMB 1 100% 0 Combinations of 3 drugs 13 72.7% 7 66.6% CLR + EMB + CIP 0 1 0% CLR + EMB + RIF 2 100% 5 100% CLR + EMB +RFB 0 1 0% CLR +CTX + CIP 1 0% 0 EMB + AZI + MIN 1 0% 0 RIF + CLR + AMK 1 100% 0 RIF + INH + CLR 1 0% 0 RIF + EMB + CTX 5 100% 0 RIF + EMB + DOX 1 0% 0 RIF + EMB + MOX 1 0% 0 Combinations of > than 3 drugs 2 100% 3 33.3% CIP+RIF + EMB + CLR + RFB + AMK 0 1 100% CLR + DOX + RIF + EMB 0 1 0% RIF + EMB + CLR + AMK + IMP 0 1 0% RIF + EMB + AZ I+ CTX 1 100% 0 RIF + EMB + CLR + CIP 1 100% 0 Combinations with TB treatment 1 100% 9 55.5% INH + RIF + EMB + CLR 1 100% 1 0% INH + RIF + EMB 0 3 100% INH + RIF + EMB + PZA 0 4 50% INH + RIF + EMB + PZA + CLR 0 1 0% TABLE 5: PATTERN OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Drug Number of patients Susceptible Resistant Indeterminate Isoniazid 9 9 Rifampicin 22 19 3 Ethambutol 23 21 2 Pyrazinamide 1 1 Streptomycin 6 1 4 1 Rifabutin 2 2 Azithromycin 4 1 3 Clarithromycin 20 19 1 Minocycline 8 5 1 2 Doxycycline 6 6 Tetracycline 2 1 1 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 6 5 1 Ciprofloxacin 11 6 1 Levofloxacin 1 1 Moxifloxacin 4 4 Gatifloxacin 1 1 Amikacin 9 9 Linezolid 1 1 Imipenem 2 2 Erythromycin 2 1 1 Cefotaxime 2 1 1 Kanamycin 3 3 Ethionamide 3 3 Ansamycin 1 1 The table reflects in how many patients each drug was tested and in how many it resulted as susceptible, resistant or indeterminate. TABLE 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF CASES WITH BAD OR POOR OUTCOME References Age Sex Past medical history Type of infection Treatment Duration treatment (months) Evolution [25] 67/M DM Cutaneous disseminated RIF+EMB+CLR+CIP 3.7 Deceased Secondary bacterial infection [26] 50/M No Tenosynovitis RIF+EMB Synovectomy 3 Dysfunctional index finger [46] 62/F No Tenosynovitis CLR 4 debridements 6 Amputation index finger [46] 26/M No Tenosynovitis DOX+CTX 4 debridements 3.5 Persistent infection Need of grafting [73] 56/M No Tenosynovitis Local gentamicin Synovectomy 3 drainages ? Deformity [83] 47/M HIV infection Osteomyelitis 1-INH+RIF+EMB+PZA 2-Avobe + Fluoroquinolone 3-RFB+EMB+CIP 4-RFB+CIP ? Amputation Knee [88] 60/F NHL Systemic steroids Cutaneous disseminated 1-Ofloxacine 2-RIF+EMB+LEV+CLR 3-Above+STR+IG 4-CTX+MOX ? Continue with signs of active infection [103] 81/M Myasthenia gravis Systemic steroids Cutaneous and systemic dissemination 1-CIP 2-Hyperthermia 3-DOX intravenous 5 Deceased Bone marrow infected by M.marinum Results from papers that contain series of 14 or more cases There were 14 papers that contained series of cases with no available information of individual cases. As a consequence, individual cases could not be analyzed separately. There were 2 papers that reported the same series of cases in different years, the cases were counted just once. The principal characteristics of the papers are described in the table 7. There were 363 cases reported, 68% were males with an average of 44.3 years. In most of the cases the past medical history was not relevant; only 4 cases of HIV infection were reported. The most frequent exposure was to own an aquarium in 134 cases (37%). There was other kind of contact with fish in 37 cases (10%), swimming pool contact in 7 cases (2%) and other kind of contact with water in 58 cases (16%). In the rest of cases exposure was not mention. Finally occupational exposure was referred in 68 cases (19%). The incubation period was not reported. The upper limbs were affected in 245 cases (67%), the lower limbs in 78 cases (21%), the face in 3 cases (0.8%) and there was cutaneous dissemination in 10 cases (3%). Sporotrichoid spread was reported in 46 cases (12%). The lesions were described as plaques in 92 cases (25%) and nodules in 54 cases (15%). Deep structures were affected in 45 cases (12%): 41 tenosynovitis (91%), 8 arthritis (18%) and 3 osteomyelitis (6%). There were no cases of systemic dissemination described in any of the series. The average in the delay until the diagnosis was done was 3.8 months. The drugs more commonly used as monotherapy were doxycycline, minocycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and clarithromycin. The combinations more prescribed were rifampicin plus ethambutol, rifampicin plus clarithromycin and clarithromycin plus ethambutol. The effectiveness of the treatments were not frequently reported. Consequently is not possible to point the advantage of any concrete regimen (see table 8). The average duration of the treatment was 5 months. Surgery was reported in 73 cases (20%). The evolution was good in 225 cases (62%), poor in 15 cases (4%) and not mention in the rest. There were 5 papers that contained series of cases of atypical mycobacterial infecti

The Threat of Nihilism: New Educational Opportunities? :: Education Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Threat of Nihilism: New Educational Opportunities? ABSTRACT: If the educator is characterized by a willingness to stand for something and simultaneously willing to care for someone, then the philosophy of authenticity should help the educator out of the problems that the Enlightenment project and some of its critics have created. While our integrative authenticity should rescue us from despair, it should also correct the possible immobilism occasioned by the interpretation of some postmodernist authors. Here, what we take as somehow fulfilling us, to a certain extent also conceived in a naturalistic way, binds us to the ways of structuring our concerns so that others can participate in a common framework. But such a philosophical perspective is confronted with two objections. First, one asks whether it is still ethics given the importance it gives to the empirical level. Second, it is questioned whether there really is a place for the other, whether it in fact transcends subjectivism. This paper deals with some of Nietzsche's central ideas and argues that the reproach of extreme relativism and scepticism is not justified. It concludes that one may find on the contrary an interesting way of dealing with the necessarily individualistic nature of education as well for the educator as for the educandus. If education can be conceived as an answer from one individual person to another, particularity, care, integrity and trust are of the utmost importance, and so is what "being authentic" means. Of course, an agent cannot articulate a project concerning who she wants to be without a context of intersubjectivity. Such a project must constitute a particularly illuminating example of what can be done in a certain social predicament. Furthermore, authentic identity presupposes a moment of recognition on the part of another. Authentic identity can thus mean pursuing a project in which a willed uniqueness is expressed and the wish for others to recognize this unique person whom we want to become. If the educator is characterized by her willingness to stand for something and simultaneously willing to care for someone, then the philosophy of authenticity, thus conceived, should help the educator out of the problems that the Enlightenment project and of some of its critics have pressed on her. While her integrative authenticity should rescue her from despair, it should also correct the possible immobilism occasioned by the interpretation of some postmodernist authors. Here, what we take as somehow fulfilling us, to a certain extent also conceived in a naturalistic way, binds us to the ways of structuring our concerns so that others can participate in a common framework.

History of Fashion

OVERVIEW The Ancient Middle East: 3500-600 B. C. Mens: Aprons worn as a separate item that cover the gential area and are worn over a skirt or some other garment, or over a loincloth and under a skirt. As being made of one or more pieces of cloth attached to a belt, sash, or band that fastens around the waist. 1470 – 11th century B. C. Womens: Tunic is any of several types of garment for the body, usually simple in style, reaching from the shoulders to a length somewhere between the hips and the ankles.The earliest tunics seem to have been made out of linen and that in some areas tunics first appeared just after wool came into use. 2500 – 1000 B. C. The Etruria and Rome: 800 B. C. –A. D. 400 Mens: Paludamentum was generally crimson, scarlet, or purple in color or sometimes white. It was fastened at the shoulder with a clasp, putting on the paludamentum was a ceremonial act on setting out for war. C. 800-200 B. C. Modern Influences: Versace, etc. Womens: Himation was a type of clothing in ancient Greece. It was usually worn over a chiton, but was made of heavier drape and played the role of a cloak.The himation continued into the Byzantine era, especially as iconographic dress for Christ and other figures from Biblical times, although it appears still to have been worn in real life. C. 800-200 B. C. Modern influences: San Patrick, etc. Conclusion In turn of this project, I really enjoyed it because I choose two style of ancient clothing I love; Rome and Egypt. The tunic is the basic style of clothing that’s very versatile that can be made worn by men, women and children. I like that when Rome gave the tunic an extra edge by either added silk and meaning to wearing it in certain ways like for higher class to the poor and giving omen a certain look when they’re wedded. The paludamentum was my second favorite because I love the gladiator war style look that brings to the masculinity of the man. The modern influence of Versace grea tly brought that back when it was disappearing from the world. The two other pieces I choice were just stand by choices that I feel that can greatly complement each of the other garments. References Tunic, Apron, and Himation Definition: http://digitalbookshelf. artinstitutes. edu/#/books/978-1-60901-215-1 Paludamentum Definition: http://ancienthistory. about. com/od/clothing/g/011011-Paludamentum. htm Photos: http://symbolankh. evhub. com/img/upload/c-hm-thutmose-shadow. jpg http://www. fibre2fashion. com/industry-article/17/1615/contemporary-fashion-from-the-land-of-pharaohs3. asp http://www. versace. com/en/women-fashion-and-accessories/ss-13/fashion-show-collection http://www. weddinginspirasi. com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/2010_san_patrick_wedding. jpg http://www. fashion-era. com/images/100_bc_ALLancient_history/bwlotus. jpg http://karenswhimsy. com/public-domain-images/ancient-roman-army/images/ancient-roman-army-4. jpg http://www. shutterstock. com/pic-46840795/stock-photo- neo-classical-women-like-goddess-in-roman-clothing. html

Cheating culture Research Paper Example

Cheating culture Research Paper Example Cheating culture Paper Cheating culture Paper Cheating is happening in our government and grade schools, as well as colleges, and it affects a lot of different aspects of our daily lives. Anyone can search the Internet and find hundreds of companies who will write a paper for someone. It seems that cheating Is easier and more accessible than finding the Information needed for a paper. With all the government and other public figures cheating and not getting any real punishment, It portrays the Image that cheating Is okay. How are we to be an honest society, when we live in a dishonest world It has come a dog eat dog world one is only as good as their possessions and how much money they have. It has been embedded in our brains that we have to be the best, even if it means we have to cheat to achieve it. Cheating is a taught behavior that has serious consequences that impact our childrens future. I feel that we live in a society where cheating has become a very big problem everywhere. Cheating is as American as apple pie, or so it seems that way. Cheating is everywhere it should not be including our government. The government Is made up of officials who represent our country and the people In it. If there Is cheating In our government, what does that say about our country How do other countries view It and what It stands for One good example of cheating In our government Is Bill Clinton saying did not have sexual relations with that woman in the video David Callahan talks about the Cheating Culture on CBS Morning News. His punishment for cheating was impeachment with a life time salary pay of much more than most people make in a life time. This is a great example of how a person of power and the right connections can cheat when they feel like it, and get no serious punishment. I feel this is a huge issue because it shows our society that cheating is okay, and most will not get any punishment at all. Many schools across America are cheating on the state SAT scores. They take the test answers from the students and correct them before sending them off. In the video Test Cheating Scandal Rocks Atlanta Schools they stated that 40th of 56 schools cheated. This Is a huge Issue because even the people who teach our youth are showing them that cheating Is okay to get higher scores, more grant money, or higher pay. The children and the future of our nation should be taught to achieve high scores by learning the proper information with which to answer the questions correctly, instead of cheating. Unfortunately some teachers are showing them how to be dishonest and to cheat to get ahead in life. Teachers are paid to teach our children not to cheat. Granted, there is a No Child Left Behind law, but even with that we can not expect our future leaders to be knowledgeable, if they are cheating their way through grade school. How do they punish kids for doing something they are taught to do by the people they look up to and trust to teach them the information they need to know in school What about when they get into college and they have papers to write and do not know where to start. Cheating In college has become a huge Issue when It comes to writing papers -When a student attends college and gets their first real set of homework, they realize the pressures of keeping a good GAP, but still want to malting a social life. They may come upon a solution In wanly teeny realize teeny nave a lot AT work Owe ten next clay. Remember that a fellow student told them about a website which offers to write a paper for them for the right price. This Just shows how cheating is promoted in all school levels. In 21st Century College Cheating David Mir did an interview with a man named Deed. His real identity was kept private. He wrote papers for different education levels from doctors to high school students. Deed stated he made 2000. 00 off of a one hundred and seventy-five page paper. That is a lot of money to pay someone to do a paper This example shows that if they have the right amount of money, they can cheat their way through anything in life. I feel this is a big problem because a doctor may cheat their way through college, and their accuracy and Judgment to treat a serious illness or give the right dose of medication may be impaired. The pressures of being number one and having the best are tough to ignore, as well as the pressure o keep a good GAP being very stressful. Being a college student myself, I know all to well the pressure of good grade, especially when the foot work of doing the research work for a paper and studying for a test can be very time consuming and tiring. I feel that knowing I earned that A on my own without cheating is more rewarding and more satisfying than if I had paid money I worked hard for to someone else to do it for me. The risk of cheating is too high. Having my papers written by some stranger that I do not know if they know how to write a good enough paper for me to obtain a decent grade. Cheating is a huge problem that seems to be second nature to todays society. They are teaching the future leaders to cheat, lie and steal to get ahead in life, as well teaching them to be dishonest from grade school through to college. They have become so used to the act of cheating that they do not give it a second thought to cheat. Even the most trustworthy people of this country have become some of the biggest cheaters and set a poor example for society showing that cheating is okay as long as they have the right amount of money or the right connections they can get away with it

Discipleship Essay Essay Example

Discipleship Essay Essay Example Discipleship Essay Paper Discipleship Essay Paper Essay Topic: Religion A disciple is a follower or adherent supporter of a leader or teacher. It is the name usually given to the followers of Jesus Christ. The most eminent disciples are the Twelve Disciples who were specifically chosen by Jesus to preach the Gospel and called Apostles. Simon and his brother Andrew were the first men called by Jesus. At the time they were catching fish with a net in Lake Galilee. Jesus walked along the shore and said to them, Come with me, and I will teach you to catch people (Mk 1: 16 18). At once they left their nets and followed him. James and John, the sons of Zebedee were called secondly after Jesus saw them in a boat getting their nets ready. He called them and they too left behind their belongings and went with him. Time went by and Jesus called another man named Levi. Levi was the son of Alphaeus and a tax collector. He was sitting in his office when Jesus approached him. Follow me, (Mk 2: 13 14) Jesus said and Levi immediately followed. Marks Gospel does not record when or where the other disciples were called. We know that Jesus chose the Twelve Apostles upon a hill. He called to himself the men he wanted and they came to him. He said to them: I have chosen you to be with me. I will also send you out to preach, and you will have authority to drive out demons. (Mk 3: 14 15) He chose twelve men who became ardent supporters of his teachings. Jesus chose people who were part of the main industry of the area (the fishermen); patriots (the zealot) or who were civil servants (the tax collector). Mark, in his Gospel, showed that being a disciple of Jesus would put great pressure on their faith. Jesus had never promised that life, as a disciple would be easy. After he had spoken about his suffering and death, he said: If anyone wants to follow me, he must forget self, carry his cross, and follow me. (Mk 8: 34) Any follower of Jesus would probably suffer just like Jesus. For whoever wants to save his own life will lose it; but whoever loses his life for me and for the gospel will save it. (Mk 8: 35) When Peter saw the suffering of Jesus, his faith in Jesus failed him, and he disproved of any association with him. Judas Iscariot was another apostle of Jesus Christ. Rather than denying Jesus, he betrayed him and handed him over to the authorities. Peter, after offending realised what he had done wrong. From then on he did not shun Jesus and was persecuted in later life. The story of Peters denial has all the evidence of personal confession of failure to live up to chivalrous words of loyalty. Judas however could not admit to being wrong and ended his life. Jesus showed people that they would have to learn to value things differently if they were going to follow him. For example, the attitude he showed towards prostitutes or tax collectors. They learned from Jesus to respect the outcasts of their society and think of them as people who needed help. One event gives an example of the price of following Jesus. He was once asked: Teacher, what must I do to receive eternal life? (Mk 10: 17) He replied: You need only one thing. Go and sell all you have and give the money to the poor, and you will have riches in heaven, then come and follow me. (Mk 10: 21) Once the man heard this, a look of gloom came over his face and he went away sad because he was rich. Jesus used this conversation as a lesson for his disciples. He taught them of the perplexity that possessions could be to a person who may set them up as a rival to God. They do not give their undivided love to God but balance their attention between God and their assets. After the rich man had left, Peter asked Jesus about the reward that a disciple receives: Look we have left everything and followed you. (Mk 10: 28) Jesus replied: He will receive a hundred times more houses, brothers, sisters, mothers, children and fields and persecution as well; and in the age to come he will receive eternal life. (Mk 10: 30) Jesus ordered the Twelve Apostles to follow certain instructions. These instructions were called the Mission of the Twelve. The disciples were sent out in pairs and were not to take any food with them. They were not to take any money and had to stay in a place if they were made welcome until they left the district. The disciples were to shake the dust off their feet as they left a place if they did not receive hospitality. This was to show that the disciples had no time for them because they had rejected God. (Mk 6: 7 13) These instructions have a special meaning. They prove that discipleship can involve suffering, rejection and death. To those who do react, there will be a reward. Just as Jesus will rise from the dead after his suffering and death, so those who accept challenge to become disciples will find life. When people decided to follow Jesus, they became members of a new family. Those who followed Gods way were classed as Jesus family: Whoever does what God wants him to do is my brother, my sister, my mother. (Mk 3: 33) To be a disciple, one must acquire many values, for example being able to listen, self sacrifice, being obedient and having faith. There are many qualities needed to achieve discipleship and those are mentioned in Marks gospel. Once Jesus was approached by James and John and asked: Teacher, when you sit on your throne in your glorious Kingdom, we want you to let us sit with you, one at your left and one at your right. (Mk 10: 35 37) Jesus asked James and John: You dont know what you are asking for. Can you drink the cup of suffering that I must drink? Can you be baptised in the way I must be baptised? (Mk 10: 38) At once James and John said that they would be able to and Jesus replied: You will indeed drink the cup I must drink and be baptised in the way I must be baptised. Afterwards when all of the disciples were gathered together, Jesus told them that: If one of you wants to be great, he must be the servant of the rest; and if one of you wants to be first, he must be the slave to all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served; he came to serve and to give his life to redeem many people. (Mk 10: 43 45) This story showed how James and John had the qualities of being disciples, they were willing t o serve God a disciple must have the attitude of a servant. Levi the tax collector also showed the values of a disciple. When Jesus said to him Follow me, (Mk 2: 13 14) he immediately left everything and went with him. On this occasion, Levi showed the signs of obedience. Jesus taught his disciples about being childlike also. They once scolded people who bought their children for Jesus to place his hands upon. Jesus told them: Let the children come to me, and do not stop them, because the Kingdom of God belongs to such as these. I assure you that whoever does not receive the Kingdom of God like a child will never enter it. (Mk 9: 13 15) Baptism is the first of the three sacraments of initiation which makes a person a full member of the Christian Church. These sacraments are Baptism, the Eucharist and Confirmation. There is a special service or rite for the Christian initiation of adults into the Church. Confirmation seals a Christian with the gift of the Holy Spirit. This is the same Holy Spirit that came down upon the apostles at Pentecost. The Holy Spirit is given to a Christian at Baptism and in the Sacrament of Confirmation the ceremony of initiation into the Christian family is completed. In the ceremony of Confirmation, the faith that was avowed in baptism is renewed. Religious men and women are devoted to God by three vows, poverty, chastity and obedience. A vocation is a divine call to or a sense of ones fitness for a certain career or occupation. Christians who belong to the Roman Catholic Church can choose from three ways in which they can fulfil their vocation which they have received in Baptism and Confirmation. They can carry out their responsibilities as a single or a married lay person. The term lay means non-clerical; not ordained into the clergy. The laity are called to demonstrate the principles, which Christ taught, by missionary work, reading in Church or by teaching others. They also bring holiness to others by the example of their lives. Lay people should also implement Christs teachings to the problems of the modern world, e.g. violence, drugs, crime, healing the sick, feeding the hungry or housing the homeless. Honesty, justice, sincerity, kindness and courage are the values of a Christian. Married people prove their holiness in the success of their marriage, or their family relationships. The example of a good life activates other people to want to share in that kind of life, and brings them to God. Those who are devoted to religion can experience religious life in contemplative orders or apostolic orders. Those that follow contemplative orders lead a concealed life of work and prayer. Rather than going out to help people physically, they pray for the inequalities of the world or partake in the background work for events. Examples of people who live like this are the Carmelites and the Poor Clares (for women) and the Carthusians and Cistercians (for men). People who prefer to help others on a public scale live life according to apostolic orders. These people lead a life of prayer, and community work. They participate in helping the sick, teaching others, helping the poor or helping the elderly. One can take a Christian vocation even further when they are ordained to priesthood. Nevertheless, before a man can be commissioned to the priesthood, he becomes a deacon. Before ordination, the deacon may help in a parish by proclaiming the Gospel at mass, Baptising, assisting at marriages and conducting funeral services. A deacon must also promise celibacy and he must care for the people of God. When people live their lives to coincide with the Gospel, they receive rewards. Although Jesus has promised eternal life to those who live simple lives so that others can simply live, a person can also receive rewards here on earth. Jesus had never said that discipleship would be easy yet many people can obtain satisfaction from their work. For example, a dedicated mother or father is gratified as they watch their children grow and people who work with those with addictions are content when they see that someone who they have helped is able to survive without drugs or alcohol. As Jesus has promised that being a disciple is not unconstrained, we should expect obstacles to make our journey harder. There have been many people throughout history who have endured agony in place of others and many who have died for the sake of their beliefs. One man who did this was Oscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdames. Oscar Romero was born in San Salvadore in 1917. He was ordained into the Roman Catholic Church in 1942, was elected as bishop in 1970 and seven years later, he was made archbishop of San Salvadore. Despite what people thought of him, Romero had publicised the importance he attached to social justice. The right wing believed that the Catholic Church in San Salvadore, and in particular the Jesuits, were involved in Marxist subversion on behalf of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front guerrilla army. His death affected the Roman Catholic world with Romero standing out as an apostle of human rights. Oscar Romero showed true discipleship, although he umpired violence, he continued to preach within hasty conditions. In the end he made the greatest sacrifice of all, he lost his life. Romero put himself last for the sake of peasants who had no human rights whatsoever, he used his status to help those with none. Even in todays world, there are still inequalities. These inequalities occur more often in developing countries and are usually caused by the arms race, the inability to recover from natural disasters, increasing debt, the population explosion, ignorance and illiteracy. Education is needed desperately in developing countries. Children may only know their local dialect and may not be able to interact with other villages or tribes. Ignorance and illiteracy have serious side effects on health, techniques of farming, industry and trade. The problems of developing countries are so dramatic that aid is only effective if performed on a global scale. However it is from voluntary services and organisations that most aid comes from. One example of an organisation that does this is CAFOD (The Catholic Fund Overseas Development). CAFOD was set up by the bishops of England and Wales in 1962 to asseverate the concerns of the Catholic community for the needs and problems of developing countries. CAFOD supply information about the needs of developing countries. Information packs are provided and contain the history, social conditions, and development of a particular country. Films, slide sets, pamphlets, books and posters are produced. The organisation asks people to remember the teaching of Jesus regarding prayer, fasting, alms giving (charity). The spirit of Jesus words explains the attitude of giving which is encouraged by CAFOD. Prayer, fasting and charity are the three traditional ways in the Church of helping those in need, and go back to the earliest days in the Acts of the Apostles. The CAFOD groups are encouraged to give up something each week as a regular act of self denial, in order to help the poor. The money raised by CAFOD goes towards community development, food production, water supplies and irrigation, preventative medicine, vocational training, adult education. Particular projects may include a village well; a rural dispensary; a mother and child nutrition scheme; or a latrine programme in a slum. CAFOD functions as it believes in the basic equality of all people in the sight of God. Human dignity demands a fair standard of living. Everyone has the same needs of food, clothing, and shelter. CAFOD is a way of being with Christ who is hungry, thirsty and in need. Having reported on the values of discipleship, I shall challenge the hypothesis that states: It is not possible to be a true disciple of Jesus in the modern world. I disagree with this statement entirely. I believe that anyone, who is a good administrator of all that God trusts him or her with, is worthy of earning discipleship. Before Jesus died he said: If anyone wants to come with me, he must forget self, carry his cross, and follow me. For whoever wants to save his own life will lose it; but whoever loses his life for me and for the Gospel will save it. (Mk 8: 34 35) There are several examples of people in the modern world who make sacrifices and carry a cross for the sake of the gospel and other people. For instance, Martin Luther King. He was an American clergyman who partly led the American civil rights movement. He was a chief supporter of non- violent resistance to racial oppression. Martin Luther King lived in an era when individuals were not accepted in America. His successful preoccupation with Vietnam and his determination to lead a Poor Peoples March in a racist community triggered his murder on April 3, 1968. No human being is perfect and a disciple does not require precision either. We know this because the twelve apostles turned their back on Jesus at least once. Peter denied Jesus, Judas betrayed him and the other ten ran away when he was arrested. Consequently, if people have made mistakes in the past they can be forgiven and start again. It is human nature for people to make errors and because God is forgiving, it is never too late for a person to acquire the values of discipleship. On the other hand, others may disagree. A common theory is that people cannot practice their religion as there is far too much violence and indignity around the World and people are unable to worship freely. Around the time of Jesus there was much persecution and people were mistreated if they did not share common beliefs. Moreover many people such as Saint Peter continued to practice their faith regardless of the potential risk that it imposed. There are many people who cannot adapt to the Christian faith because Jesus is dead and the number of people who attend mass is declining. They fail to believe because they need visual evidence to reassure them that there really is a God. As few people visit Church nowadays, some fail to recognise how discipleship can survive through a small amount of people. As the basis of the Church relies on secondary evidence written in the Gospel, many are not trustworthy enough to depend on books and because of this, some communities favour other religious practice. Having weighed up the opinion opposite to mine, I strongly disagree with its argument. My reasoning is that we live in a World of diverse culture, where in most places people are accepted for their faith, gender, status and being. As time has passed, women have gained equal rights as men, black people have earned the same respect as white people and homosexuality and individuality is accepted. So why is faith different? There is a minority of people who are still unable to preach openly but the Christian population is increasing and the majority of Christians are able to profess their beliefs without encumbrance. And that is why there are many people today who are willing to help those that are limited in being able to praise God independently. When someone goes to the hospital to be treated for an illness, they see doctors and nurses helping them. One cannot say that these people are poisoned with remorse but only guardianship because they look out and care for the welfare of others. They are examples of discipleship as they assign their time for the comfort of others. There are people who are involved and dedicate their life to aiding those less fortunate than themselves, working with charities like CAFOD to assist those weaker in the fellowship. These are the people who do carry their own cross and make sacrifices for the benefit of others. These are the people who qualify as disciples and prove that good people are still on hand today.